PADVERDICT
Decision Guide

What laptop should you buy in 2026?

Pick a budget, find your use case and get an answer.

PADVERDICT
Decision Guide

What laptop should you buy in 2026?

Pick a budget, find your use case and get an answer.

Budget breakdown

The Short Answer…

PICK YOUR SITUATION
Under $300, any use

Used ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD

Corporate lease cycles mean there’s a massive supply of these hitting the market right now. You get a much better iGPU and a modern platform, and it’s completely doable under $300 if you know where to look.

$300 to $500, general use

MacBook Neo (student discount)

$499 with education discount. It’s an absolute steal at this price if macOS works for you.

$300 to $500, Windows only

Acer Aspire 16 AI

16GB RAM, 120Hz display, frequently on sale for $429. Best hardware-to-price ratio in Windows laptops right now.

$500 to $800, no gaming

MacBook Air M4 or Surface Laptop 7

M4 Air goes on sale regularly. Refurb from Apple direct at $759.

$500 to $800, Windows + CAD/creative

Asus Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7)

$728 new. Metal build, 16GB RAM, OLED screen. Handles serious work.

Gaming under $800

Lenovo LOQ 15 or HP Victus

Expect battery trade-offs. RTX 5050 configs are the current sweet spot.

PICK YOUR SITUATION
Under $300, any use

Used ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD

Corporate lease cycles mean there’s a massive supply of these hitting the market right now. You get a much better iGPU and a modern platform, and it’s completely doable under $300 if you know where to look.

$300 to $500, general use

MacBook Neo (student discount)

$499 with education discount. It’s an absolute steal at this price if macOS works for you.

$300 to $500, Windows only

Acer Aspire 16 AI

16GB RAM, 120Hz display, frequently on sale for $429. Best hardware-to-price ratio in Windows laptops right now.

$500 to $800, no gaming

MacBook Air M4 or Surface Laptop 7

M4 Air goes on sale regularly. Refurb from Apple direct at $759.

$500 to $800, Windows + CAD/creative

Asus Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7)

$728 new. Metal build, 16GB RAM, OLED screen. Handles serious work.

Gaming under $800

Lenovo LOQ 15 or HP Victus

Expect battery trade-offs. RTX 5050 configs are the current sweet spot.

PICK YOUR SITUATION
Under $300, any use

Used ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD

Corporate lease cycles mean there’s a massive supply of these hitting the market right now. You get a much better iGPU and a modern platform, and it’s completely doable under $300 if you know where to look.

$300 to $500, general use

MacBook Neo (student discount)

$499 with education discount. It’s an absolute steal at this price if macOS works for you.

$300 to $500, Windows only

Acer Aspire 16 AI

16GB RAM, 120Hz display, frequently on sale for $429. Best hardware-to-price ratio in Windows laptops right now.

$500 to $800, no gaming

MacBook Air M4 or Surface Laptop 7

M4 Air goes on sale regularly. Refurb from Apple direct at $759.

$500 to $800, Windows + CAD/creative

Asus Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7)

$728 new. Metal build, 16GB RAM, OLED screen. Handles serious work.

Gaming under $800

Lenovo LOQ 15 or HP Victus

Expect battery trade-offs. RTX 5050 configs are the current sweet spot.

Check this first

Before anything else: check your local market. A T14 Gen 2 AMD at $270 is a much better buy than a T480 at $220. There is plenty of Gen 2 stock available right now as corporate leases wrap up.

Budget breakdown

What you get at each price

There is no reason to spend $800 when a $300 used business laptop can handle the exact same daily tasks.

USED MARKET
PADVERDICT
USED MARKET

Under $300

At $300 the used business laptop market is hard to beat. Companies replace their ThinkPads, Dell Latitudes, and HP EliteBooks every few years and offload them in bulk. You get a proper chassis and a real keyboard for the same money that buys a consumer laptop with a wobbly plastic hinge and 128GB of storage.

The T14 Gen 2 AMD is the best overall option in this price range right now. Lease cycles mean there's a steady supply of them on the used market, and prices have been good. The Gen 2 has a noticeably better integrated GPU than the Gen 1. The Vega 8 handles light video work and 2D gaming, and the price is about the same. If you see a Gen 1 and a Gen 2 at similar prices, just take the Gen 2.

ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD
ThinkPad T14 Gen 1 AMD
ThinkPad T480

Dell Latitude 5000 series

Same class as the ThinkPad. Good build, business-grade chassis. Worth checking if ThinkPad prices are high in your area.

ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD

Ryzen 5000 series, Vega 8 iGPU that handles light video and 2D gaming. Fast, stays cool, and the keyboard is one of the better ones you'll find under $300. Plenty of stock right now. Under $300 in good shape is the target.

ThinkPad T14 Gen 1 AMD
ThinkPad T480
Dell Latitude 5000 series
ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD
ThinkPad T14 Gen 1 AMD
ThinkPad T480
Dell Latitude 5000 series

The EU Tax.

Buying in Europe means paying 20 to 30% more than US prices before you even factor in VAT (19 to 21% depending on country). A T480 that costs $180 in the US lists for €250 to €300 in Belgium or Germany. That's before tax. Check local refurbishers first. At those prices, used ThinkPads or Dell Latitudes still beat any new consumer laptop under €400. The plastic on new budget machines starts cracking within two years.

Recommendations for this budget

Budget is under $300, any use

Search T14 Gen 2 AMD in your area. Under $300 in good shape is a solid buy. If stock is thin, a Gen 1 under $220 or T480 under $190 are the fallbacks.

Budget is under $300, EU buyer

Used ThinkPad T14 or Dell Latitude. Don't buy new in this range, the build quality gap is real.

BEST VALUE RANGE
PADVERDICT
BEST VALUE RANGE

$300 to $500

The MacBook Neo at $499 with the education discount is the pick in this range. Apple launched it in March 2026 with an A18 Pro chip, new colors (Indigo, Citrus), and a starting price that makes the old M1 Air irrelevant. If macOS works for your software, it's an easy decision.

If you need Windows, the Acer Aspire 16 AI is the pick for 2026. 16GB RAM, a 120Hz 16-inch display, regularly on sale for $429. Better value than anything else in this price band on Windows.

MacBook Neo (student discount)
Acer Aspire 16 AI
Lenovo IdeaPad Slim 5 (Ryzen 5)

Asus Vivobook Go 15 (Ryzen 5)

Military-grade build rating at this price, which is rare. 512GB SSD. Holds up better to daily wear than most in this range.

MacBook Neo (student discount)

$499 from the Apple Education Store. A18 Pro chip, launched March 2026. Available in Indigo and Citrus. Faster than an M1 and supported for years longer. Base model ships with 8GB. Apple Silicon manages memory differently than Windows, so it holds up for light school use in a way 8GB on Windows never would. That said, step up to 16GB if budget allows. Get the 512GB storage version regardless. The 256GB fills up fast.

Acer Aspire 16 AI
Lenovo IdeaPad Slim 5 (Ryzen 5)
Asus Vivobook Go 15 (Ryzen 5)
MacBook Neo (student discount)
Acer Aspire 16 AI
Lenovo IdeaPad Slim 5 (Ryzen 5)
Asus Vivobook Go 15 (Ryzen 5)

Which one to pick

$300 to $500, school + general use, no required Windows software

MacBook Neo with student discount. $499.

$300 to $500, Windows needed or gaming matters

Acer Aspire 16 AI at $429 on sale. 16GB RAM, 120Hz screen. Don't go under 16GB on Windows.

STRONG RANGE
PADVERDICT
STRONG RANGE

$500 to $800

The M4 Air at $750 on sale is the best all-round laptop at this price. The Zenbook 14 OLED beats it on screen quality and Windows compatibility. Either way, get 16GB RAM. An 8GB machine at $750 is a waste of money.

MacBook Air M4
Asus Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7 8840HS)
Microsoft Surface Laptop 7

Lenovo Yoga 7i (Core Ultra / Ryzen AI)

2-in-1 with a solid OLED panel at around $750. Handles design work well. The speakers are better than anything else in this range.

MacBook Air M4

The best laptop at this price for most people. No fans, completely silent even under a heavy load and battery life hits 15 hours in real use. $750 on sale or $759 refurb directly from Apple. Get 16GB RAM, not 8GB.

Asus Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7 8840HS)
Microsoft Surface Laptop 7
Lenovo Yoga 7i (Core Ultra / Ryzen AI)
MacBook Air M4
Asus Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7 8840HS)
Microsoft Surface Laptop 7
Lenovo Yoga 7i (Core Ultra / Ryzen AI)

By use case

What to get based on how you use it

For most people, specs are a distraction. What software you need to run is what matters.

School / general use

Notes, research, slides, video calls. Battery life matters more than specs. A 6-pound gaming laptop feels fine on a desk, but it gets heavy quickly if you have to carry it to classes all day.

Under $300: Used T14 Gen 2 AMD $300 to $500: MacBook Neo (student discount) $500 to $800: MacBook Air M4

School / general use

Notes, research, slides, video calls. Battery life matters more than specs. A 6-pound gaming laptop feels fine on a desk, but it gets heavy quickly if you have to carry it to classes all day.

Under $300: Used T14 Gen 2 AMD $300 to $500: MacBook Neo (student discount) $500 to $800: MacBook Air M4

Computer science / coding

16GB RAM is the minimum. You'll run IDEs, local servers, sometimes Docker or VMs. Android Studio alone will eat through 8GB. Mac and Windows both work for most CS programs, but check if your program needs anything x86-only before you buy.

Under $300: T14 Gen 2 AMD (16GB config) $300 to $500: Acer Aspire 16 AI (16GB) $500 to $800: Zenbook 14 or M4 Air (16GB)

Computer science / coding

16GB RAM is the minimum. You'll run IDEs, local servers, sometimes Docker or VMs. Android Studio alone will eat through 8GB. Mac and Windows both work for most CS programs, but check if your program needs anything x86-only before you buy.

Under $300: T14 Gen 2 AMD (16GB config) $300 to $500: Acer Aspire 16 AI (16GB) $500 to $800: Zenbook 14 or M4 Air (16GB)

Engineering / CAD

Check your program's required software before you even look at a laptop. AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Revit, most simulation tools are all Windows-only. One required program and the Mac question answers itself.

$500 to $800: Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7 8840HS) Check GPU requirements. Some programs need discrete graphics.

Engineering / CAD

Check your program's required software before you even look at a laptop. AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Revit, most simulation tools are all Windows-only. One required program and the Mac question answers itself.

$500 to $800: Zenbook 14 OLED (Ryzen 7 8840HS) Check GPU requirements. Some programs need discrete graphics.

Design / video / photo editing

The M4 Air handles photo editing and moderate video work well, and Apple Silicon is well ahead of Windows laptops at the same price for this kind of work. For heavy sustained rendering, step up to the MacBook Pro. On Windows you need a discrete GPU, integrated graphics won't cut it.

$500 to $800: MacBook Air M4 (16GB preferred) Windows: Asus ProArt PX13 or Zenbook 14 (Ryzen 7)

Design / video / photo editing

The M4 Air handles photo editing and moderate video work well, and Apple Silicon is well ahead of Windows laptops at the same price for this kind of work. For heavy sustained rendering, step up to the MacBook Pro. On Windows you need a discrete GPU, integrated graphics won't cut it.

$500 to $800: MacBook Air M4 (16GB preferred) Windows: Asus ProArt PX13 or Zenbook 14 (Ryzen 7)

Portability first

People usually underestimate weight when looking at specs online. A small difference on paper matters a lot when it's in your backpack every single day. The X1 Nano is the smallest ThinkPad ever made. The MacBook Air is the lightest new option under $1,000.

Used: X1 Carbon Gen 9/10 ($400 to $550), X1 Nano Gen 1 (~$350 to $400) New: MacBook Air M4 (2.7 lbs), Surface Laptop 7

Portability first

People usually underestimate weight when looking at specs online. A small difference on paper matters a lot when it's in your backpack every single day. The X1 Nano is the smallest ThinkPad ever made. The MacBook Air is the lightest new option under $1,000.

Used: X1 Carbon Gen 9/10 ($400 to $550), X1 Nano Gen 1 (~$350 to $400) New: MacBook Air M4 (2.7 lbs), Surface Laptop 7

Work from home / productivity

Multiple Chrome profiles, 10+ tabs, video calls all running at once. RAM is what limits you first. A used T14 Gen 2 with 32GB costs less than most new laptops and handles all of it comfortably.

Best value: Used T14 Gen 2 AMD (32GB config, ~$280 to $380) New: Acer Aspire 16 AI or Zenbook 14 (both 16GB)

Work from home / productivity

Multiple Chrome profiles, 10+ tabs, video calls all running at once. RAM is what limits you first. A used T14 Gen 2 with 32GB costs less than most new laptops and handles all of it comfortably.

Best value: Used T14 Gen 2 AMD (32GB config, ~$280 to $380) New: Acer Aspire 16 AI or Zenbook 14 (both 16GB)

Nursing / healthcare / humanities

Battery life, light weight, durability. Software requirements are minimal for most of these fields. Either the Neo or an IdeaPad Slim handles everything you'd need.

$300 to $500: MacBook Neo or IdeaPad Slim 5 $500 to $800: MacBook Air M4

Nursing / healthcare / humanities

Battery life, light weight, durability. Software requirements are minimal for most of these fields. Either the Neo or an IdeaPad Slim handles everything you'd need.

$300 to $500: MacBook Neo or IdeaPad Slim 5 $500 to $800: MacBook Air M4

Light gaming + school (Sims, Minecraft, etc.)

Sims 4 with heavy mods is a RAM problem, not a GPU problem. 16GB minimum, 32GB if you run a lot of custom content. The Zenbook 14 Ryzen 7 handles it fine on the integrated GPU. Minecraft runs on basically anything with 16GB. Push beyond that and you'll need a dedicated GPU, which means accepting worse battery life.

Sims/Minecraft only: Acer Aspire 16 AI or Zenbook 14 Ryzen 7 (16GB) Heavier gaming: Lenovo LOQ or HP Victus (RTX 5050)

Light gaming + school (Sims, Minecraft, etc.)

Sims 4 with heavy mods is a RAM problem, not a GPU problem. 16GB minimum, 32GB if you run a lot of custom content. The Zenbook 14 Ryzen 7 handles it fine on the integrated GPU. Minecraft runs on basically anything with 16GB. Push beyond that and you'll need a dedicated GPU, which means accepting worse battery life.

Sims/Minecraft only: Acer Aspire 16 AI or Zenbook 14 Ryzen 7 (16GB) Heavier gaming: Lenovo LOQ or HP Victus (RTX 5050)

What people get wrong

Mistakes that come up every week.

Pulled from r/laptops and r/LaptopForStudent threads.

Common mistakes, 2026

Buying 8GB RAM on Windows to save money.

On macOS, 8GB handles basic web browsing fine. On Windows, it completely chokes. Between modern background tasks and local AI integrations, 8GB leaves you with zero breathing room. 16GB is the absolute floor for a Windows machine today.

Paying $700+ for an M1 MacBook Air in 2026.

The M1 is six years old. Only worth picking up if you find one under $350. The Neo is $499 with student pricing. The M4 Air refurb is $759 directly from Apple. Paying $700 for an M1 right now makes no sense.

Buying a gaming laptop for school.

Heavy, loud, and two hours of battery off a charger. Gaming laptops look impressive on a spec sheet and are miserable as school machines. If gaming is the priority and you're okay with the trade-offs, fine — just don't expect it to pull double duty.

Not checking software requirements before buying a Mac.

Buying a Mac only to find out your classes require Windows-only software is a major headache. Check your department's list first. Engineering tools, analytics software, most PC games. It's the most common regret in the threads. Check before you buy.

Paying $400 for a new laptop when a $250 used business laptop is better.

A used ThinkPad T14 or Dell Latitude with 16GB RAM at $200 to $250 beats most new laptops under $400 on build, keyboard, repairability, and longevity. When companies refresh their fleets, the old machines end up on eBay. Most people never think to look.

Trusting battery specs.

"10 hours" on the box means 6 or 7 in real life, almost every time. The MacBook Air and Surface Laptop 7 are the only machines in this range that deliver what they advertise.

In Europe, buying new under €400 over used.

New budget laptops in this range typically have plastic hinges that start failing within two years. A used ThinkPad T14 at the same price has an aluminium chassis and will outlast it by years.

Planning to "just use a VM" for Windows software on Mac.

It works fine until you need it for something that matters — coursework, an exam, a presentation. University IT departments deal with this regularly. If you need Windows software, just get a Windows machine.

Not checking the weight before buying for portability.

Look up the exact weight before buying. It’s easy to ignore online, but you’ll definitely notice the extra bulk when walking across campus.

The debate that never ends

Mac or Windows?

Mac makes sense
PADVERDICT
Mac makes sense

Get a Mac if:

All of these need to be true

Go through every piece of software your courses use and confirm it runs on macOS. This matters more than any spec.
Check This
Go through every piece of software your courses use and confirm it runs on macOS. This matters more than any spec.
Check This
Battery life and long-term support matter to you. MacBooks from the M1 generation onward hold up better than almost anything else at the same price.
Check This
Battery life and long-term support matter to you. MacBooks from the M1 generation onward hold up better than almost anything else at the same price.
Check This
Not a heavy gamer. Most Steam titles don't have macOS versions. The Neo handles some casual games, but it's not a gaming machine.
Check This
Not a heavy gamer. Most Steam titles don't have macOS versions. The Neo handles some casual games, but it's not a gaming machine.
Check This
You're okay with soldered storage and RAM. Whatever config you buy is permanent, there are no upgrades. Get it right the first time.
Check This
You're okay with soldered storage and RAM. Whatever config you buy is permanent, there are no upgrades. Get it right the first time.
Check This
Windows makes sense
PADVERDICT
Windows makes sense

Get Windows if:

Any of these need to be true

Your program uses Windows-only software. Engineering tools, Revit, Microsoft Access, specific lab or clinical software. One required program settles the whole question.
Flag
Your program uses Windows-only software. Engineering tools, Revit, Microsoft Access, specific lab or clinical software. One required program settles the whole question.
Flag
You game on your laptop. Most of the Steam library has no macOS version. If gaming is part of your life, Windows is the only real option.
Flag
You game on your laptop. Most of the Steam library has no macOS version. If gaming is part of your life, Windows is the only real option.
Flag
You want to experiment with software, run Linux alongside Windows, or do anything that requires flexibility. Windows and ThinkPads are a much better platform for it.
Flag
You want to experiment with software, run Linux alongside Windows, or do anything that requires flexibility. Windows and ThinkPads are a much better platform for it.
Flag
Your budget is tight and upgradeability matters. Most Windows laptops let you swap the RAM and SSD yourself, which adds years to the machine. Macs are soldered shut — no upgrades at all.
Flag
Your budget is tight and upgradeability matters. Most Windows laptops let you swap the RAM and SSD yourself, which adds years to the machine. Macs are soldered shut — no upgrades at all.
Flag

One thing people completely miss until it's too late: New Windows laptops under $500 are almost all plastic, and it really shows after a year. Either spend $700 or more on a Zenbook or Surface, or go used with a ThinkPad. The $400 to $600 new Windows market is rough.

REFERENCE
PADVERDICT
REFERENCE

By major

Quick reference. Check your department's actual software list before buying.

If your major is humanities, social sciences, psychology, education, pre-law, communications, journalism, general business, marketing, most CS programs, data science, or nursing, a Mac works perfectly. Just double-check your exam software beforehand.
Where a Mac works perfectly
If your major is humanities, social sciences, psychology, education, pre-law, communications, journalism, general business, marketing, most CS programs, data science, or nursing, a Mac works perfectly. Just double-check your exam software beforehand.
Where a Mac works perfectly
If your major is engineering, architecture, construction management, accounting, information systems, supply chain, or some nursing programs — Windows is usually the better choice. Many of the tools you'll use, like CAD software, SolidWorks, AutoCAD, Revit, advanced Excel features, SAP, Power BI Desktop, or clinical simulation software, are built with Windows in mind.
Where Windows is mandatory
If your major is engineering, architecture, construction management, accounting, information systems, supply chain, or some nursing programs — Windows is usually the better choice. Many of the tools you'll use, like CAD software, SolidWorks, AutoCAD, Revit, advanced Excel features, SAP, Power BI Desktop, or clinical simulation software, are built with Windows in mind.
Where Windows is mandatory
Finance is a bit of a middle ground. A Mac will handle most finance coursework just fine, but if you'll be doing a lot of financial modeling, Windows Excel has a clear advantage, and some finance software only runs on Windows. If you're studying computer science, a Mac is an excellent choice for programming and development, but some courses require Visual Studio or other Windows-only tools. It's worth checking your curriculum before you decide.
It depends on your curriculum
Finance is a bit of a middle ground. A Mac will handle most finance coursework just fine, but if you'll be doing a lot of financial modeling, Windows Excel has a clear advantage, and some finance software only runs on Windows. If you're studying computer science, a Mac is an excellent choice for programming and development, but some courses require Visual Studio or other Windows-only tools. It's worth checking your curriculum before you decide.
It depends on your curriculum

Email your department and ask before buying anything. They'll know exactly what software is required.

Before you pay

Check these before you pay.

Most regrets trace back to skipping one of these.

01

Confirm your software runs on the OS you're buying

If you're buying a Mac, go through every piece of software your program uses. One Windows-only tool changes everything.

02

Check what's available in your market right now

Prices move. What someone paid six months ago is irrelevant. Check eBay, Facebook Marketplace, and local listings before you commit. Takes ten minutes.

03

Verify RAM is 16GB minimum on any Windows laptop

Don't compromise here. Running a modern browser alongside basic apps will easily clear 8GB of system usage. If an online listing or marketplace post specifies 8GB of RAM, do yourself a favor and skip it.

04

Check battery health on used machines

A laptop at $200 with 55% battery health isn't a deal. Ask for a battery report before handing over any money. On Windows, run powercfg /batteryreport in Command Prompt. On Mac, hold Option and click the battery icon.

05

Look at the education discount before you buy anything

Apple Education Store, Dell student program, Lenovo student discounts. All real, all worth using. The Neo alone drops $100.

01

Confirm your software runs on the OS you're buying

If you're buying a Mac, go through every piece of software your program uses. One Windows-only tool changes everything.

02

Check what's available in your market right now

Prices move. What someone paid six months ago is irrelevant. Check eBay, Facebook Marketplace, and local listings before you commit. Takes ten minutes.

03

Verify RAM is 16GB minimum on any Windows laptop

Don't compromise here. Running a modern browser alongside basic apps will easily clear 8GB of system usage. If an online listing or marketplace post specifies 8GB of RAM, do yourself a favor and skip it.

04

Check battery health on used machines

A laptop at $200 with 55% battery health isn't a deal. Ask for a battery report before handing over any money. On Windows, run powercfg /batteryreport in Command Prompt. On Mac, hold Option and click the battery icon.

05

Look at the education discount before you buy anything

Apple Education Store, Dell student program, Lenovo student discounts. All real, all worth using. The Neo alone drops $100.

May 2026

The PadVerdict Lineup. Five categories. One pick each.

One pick per category. These are the machines worth buying right now.

Best Budget Mac: MacBook Neo ($599 / $499 student)

The best-value Mac in years. A18 Pro chip, launched March 2026. Faster than the M1 and supported for years longer. If you want a Mac under $600, nothing else is close.

Best Budget Windows: Acer Aspire 16 AI (~$429 on sale)

16GB RAM and a 120Hz 16-inch display for under $450. The best hardware-to-price ratio in Windows laptops right now. If you need a big-screen machine for school and don't want to spend $1,000, this is the pick.

Best Business / Pro: ThinkPad T14 Gen 6

Fully modular. You can swap the RAM, SSD, and battery in minutes. Built for people who want a machine they can service themselves and keep for years. The keyboard is the best you'll find on any laptop at this price.

Best Ultrabook: Microsoft Surface Laptop 7

A Windows laptop that doesn't need a charger by noon. 15+ hours of real-world use. Silent. At 2.8 lbs it's easy to carry all day. Nothing on Windows touches it for battery.

Best Refurbished: ThinkPad T14 Gen 2 AMD (~$250)

Lease cycles mean there's good supply right now. Ryzen 5000 series, Vega 8 iGPU, one of the better keyboards you'll find at any price, and a chassis that holds up. Hard to beat at $250.

TRY IT NOW

LAPTOP FINDER TOOL

Answer below. Your result appears at the end.